Placement on COVID-19 Units Does Not Increase Seroconversion Rate of Pediatric Graduate Medical Residents.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated disease COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) has presented graduate medical education (GME) training programs with a unique set of challenges. One of the most pressing is how should hospital systems that rely on graduate medical residents provide appropriate care for patients while protecting trainees. This question is of particular concern as healthcare workers are at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Objective: This cross-sectional study sought to assess the impact of hospital COVID-19 patient placement on pediatric graduate medical residents by comparing rates of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion rates of residents who worked on designated COVID-19 teams and those who did not. Methods: Forty-four pediatric and medicine-pediatric residents at Riley Children's Hospital (Indianapolis, IN) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG seroconversion in May 2020 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Abnova catalog no. KA5826), 2 months after the first known COVID-19 case in Indiana. These residents were divided into two groups: those residents who worked on designated COVID-19 teams, and those who did not. Groups were compared using χ2 or Fisher exact test for categorical variables, and continuous variables were compared using Student t testing. Results: Forty-four of 104 eligible residents participated in this study. Despite high rates of seroconversion, there was no difference in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion between residents who worked on designated COVID-19 teams (26% or 8/31) and those who did not (31% or 4/13). Eleven of 44 residents (25%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG, whereas only 5/44 (11.4%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgM, without a detectable difference between exposure groups. Conclusion: We did not observe a difference in SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion between different exposure groups. These data are consistent with growing evidence supporting the efficacy of personal protective equipment. Further population-based research on the role of children in transmitting the SARS-CoV-2 virus is needed to allow for a more evidence-based approach toward managing the COVID-19 pandemic.

Assessment of Seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2 in a Cohort of Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Background: The occurrence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have profoundly affected adult kidney disease patients. In contrast, pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, including pediatric kidney transplant (KT) recipients, do not seem to be at particularly higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection or for severe COVID-19 disease. This patient population might be protected by certain mechanisms, such as the immunosuppressive medications with their anti-inflammatory properties or simply being well-versed in self-protection techniques. Assessing SARS-CoV-2 antibody serologies could potentially help understand why this patient population is apparently spared from severe SARS-CoV-2 clinical courses. Objective: To examine SARS-CoV-2 serologic status in a cohort of pediatric KT recipients. Methods: SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG and IgM antibodies were measured by three different methods in pediatric KT recipients coming for routine clinic visits immediately post-confinement in May-June of 2020. The patients were considered seroconverted if SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were positive by 2/3 methods and weak positive/indeterminate if positive by 1/3. Results: Thirty-one patients were evaluated (about 1/3 of our institution's pediatric KT population). One patient seroconverted, while three were considered weak positive/indeterminate. None were symptomatic and none had nasopharyngeal PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 disease. Conclusions: Seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2 was rare in this population and likely reflects the social distancing practiced by these patients. The results will serve as a foundation for a future longitudinal study to evaluate the long-term emergence and persistence of antibodies in this population and may inform studies of response to a future vaccine.

Variation in COVID-19 Diagnosis by Zip Code and Race and Ethnicity in Indiana.

Objectives: To describe variations in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis by zip code race and ethnicity in Indiana. Methods: Cross-sectional evaluation of subjects with SARS-CoV-2 at Indiana University Health. We performed two separate analyses, first evaluating likelihood of COVID-19 diagnosis by race (Caucasian, African American, Asian, or other) and ethnicity (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic) in the cohort encompassing the entire state of Indiana. Subsequently, patient data was geolocated with zip codes in Marion County and the immediate surrounding counties, and descriptive statistical analyses were used to calculate the number of COVID-19 cases per 10,000 persons for each of these zip codes. Results: Indiana had a total of 3,892 positive COVID-19 cases from January 1 to April 30, 2020. The odds of testing positive for COVID-19 were four-fold higher in African Americans than non-African Americans (OR 4.58, 95% CI 4.25-4.94, P < 0.0001). Increased COVID-19 cases per 10,000 persons were seen in zip codes with higher percentage of African American (median infection rate of 17.4 per 10,000 population in zip codes above median % African American compared to 6.7 per 10,000 population in zip codes below median % African American, with an overall median infection rate 9.9 per 10,000 population, P < 0.0001) or Hispanic residents (median infection rate of 15.9 per 10,000 population in zip codes above median % Hispanic compared to 7.0 per 10,000 population in zip codes below median % Hispanic, overall median infection rate 9.6 per 10,000 population, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Individuals from zip codes with higher percentages of African American, Hispanic, foreign-born, and/or residents living in poverty are disproportionately affected by COVID-19. Urgent work is needed to understand and address the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 in minority communities and when economic disparities are present.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in two pediatric patients with kidney disease on chronic immunosuppression: A case series.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2). While children appear to experience less severe disease than adults, those with underlying conditions such as kidney disease may be more susceptible to infection. Limited data are present for children with kidney disease, and there are limited prior reports of pediatric hemodialysis patients with COVID-19. This report describes the mild clinical disease course of COVID-19 in two pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease, one on hemodialysis and both on chronic immunosuppression. We review treatment in these patients, as well as our measures to reduce transmission among our hemodialysis patients and staff.